Leukemia for Children

leukemia patients

 

Leukemia is a neoplastic disease characterized by abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic cells.

Classification of leukemia are divided into two major groups, which are marked with the finding of mature white blood cells that prominently - Agranulosit (leukemia granuosit / mielositi) or (limpfositik). This classification is based on morphological cell differentiation and maturation of leukemia cells were predominant in the bone marrow and sitokimiawi (Gralnick, 1977; Dabich, 1980, Price, 1995). Calcification can also be used as a picture of variants in clinical manifestations, prognosis and treatment.

When viewed from the process of blood cell differentiation and classification of leukemia limfoblastik mieloblastik can be seen in the chart below:

Although leukemia attacked both sexes, but men attacked a bit more than women. Lymphocytic leukemia, acute particularly striking children aged in less than 15 years, with a peak at age 2-4 years.

The cause of leukemia is unclear until now has not known with certainty, but the estimated genetic and environmental influences play an important role. Genetic factors can be seen in the high cases of leukemia in monozygotic twins.

Environmental factors such contacts with ionizing radiation accompanied by manifestations of leukemia arise many years later. Chemicals such as: benzene, arsenic, chloramphenicol, fenilbutazone, and antineoplastic agent, is associated with an increased frequency, particularly alkyl agents. Agent HTLV-1 virus from T cell leukemia for a long time can cause leukemia.

Either acute leukemia or mielositik granulositik is a type of leukemia is more common in adults. Clinical manifestations associated with diminished or absence of hematopoietic cells (Clarkson, 1983). Signs and symptoms of acute leukemia associated with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. This is a severe infection accompanied by the emergence of recurrent ulcers on mucous membranes, perirektal abscesses, pneumonia, septicemia accompanied by chills, fever, and tachypnea tachikardi. Trombositopenis cause uncontrolled bleeding. The bones may be painful and tender. Anemia is not an early manifestation of erythrocytes caused by a long life. Symptoms of anemia in the form of headache, malaise, and dyspnea time exhausting physical labor. Pensitopenia can occur after chemotherapy.

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), most commonly affects children under 15 years and peaked at age 2-4 years. ALL manifestation of limfoblas abnormal proliferation in the bone marrow and extra medular places such as lymph nodes and spleen. Signs and symptoms associated with an emphasis on the element - the element of normal bone marrow. Therefore, infection, bleeding and anemia is a major manifestation. Another sign of lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, bone pain, headache, vomiting, seizures, impaired vision. Laboratory data in the form of leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, platelets and low red blood cell, bone marrow hiperseluler back.

Low-Weight Babies

Low-Weight Babies

Low birth weight baby is a newborn whose weight at birth less than 2500 grams (WHO, 1961). Weight loss on any particular pregnancy is very varied and should be depicted on the graph presentil. Infants whose weight is above presentil 90 named big for gestational age and who were brought presentil 10 called light for gestational age. Based on it that 10% of all infants light for gestational age. Infants whose weight is less than 2500 grams at birth in low birth weight call
In connection with the handling and life expectancy low birth weight infants to differentiate:

Infant low birth weight, birth weight 1500 - 2500 grams
Very low birth weight babies, birth weight less than 1500 grams
Eksterm birth weight babies, birth weight less than 1000 grams

Etiology
Low birth weight babies may be premature (less months) may also be quite the month (dismatur).

Infant and Toddler Nutrition

Infant and Toddler Nutrition

1. Understanding nutrition

Nutrition is the substances contained in food ingredients needed for human life.

2. In order food for infants and toddlers

a. As a source of energy substances.

b. As a source of builder substances.

c. As a source of regulating substances

3. Definition of malnutrition

Is the lack of nutrients needed by the body so that there is a change of the body (thin, weak, pale).

4. Causes of malnutrition

a. Less eating.

b. Food that is not balanced.

c. Irregular eating.

d. One in processing food.

5. Signs of malnutrition

a. Skinny body.

b. Dry skin, dull.

c. Limp and pale.

d. Eyes swollen.

e. The feet and hands swollen.

6. As a result of malnutrition

a. Disorders of growth.

b. Easily hurt.

c. Less intelligent.

7. How to improve child nutrition

a. Create an environment that can cause a child's appetite:

- eating together

- attractive cutlery

- encourage child told

b. Attention to ways of presenting food

- the appropriate amount

- Foods varying

- net food

- do not give snacks before they eat

Child Care Encephalitis

Child Care Encephalitis

Child Care Encephalitis

1. Understanding.
Encephalitis is an infection of the CNS (Central nerve system) caused by viruses or other microorganisms that non-purulent.
2. Causes of Encephalitis:
      The most common cause: a virus
      Often              : - Herpes simplex, Arbo virus
      Rare                 : - entero virus - Mumps, adeno virus
      Post Infection: - Measles, Influenza, Varisella
      Post Vaccination: - Pertussis

      Acute suppurative encephalitis:
Bacteria that cause encephalitis are: Staphylococcusaureus, Streptokok, E. coli, Mycobacterium and T. Pallidum.

Encephalitis virus:
Viruses that cause is viral RNA (Parotitis Virus) morbili virus, rabies virus, rubella virus, denque virus, polio virus, cockscakie A, B, Herpes Zoste, varicella, Herpes simplex, vario; lla.

What are the symptoms that may occur in Encephalitis:
• Heat loss increased, photo phobia, headache, vomiting, lethargy, sometimes accompanied by stiff neck when infections.
• The child was restless sometimes accompanied by behavioral changes. Can be accompanied impaired by vision, hearing, speech and seizures.

Pathophysiology Encephalitis
Viruses enter the patient's body through the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal. After enters the body, The virus will spread throughout the body in several ways:
• Local: the virus infects the mucous membranes of the flow is limited to surface or a specific organ.
• The spread of primary haematogenous: virus entry into the blood, and Then spread to organs and breed in these organs.
• The spread through the nerves: the breed virus in the surface of the mucous membranes and spreads through the nervous system.
Prodromal period lasts 1-4 days characterized by fever, headache, dizziness, vomiting, sore throat, malaise, pain ekstremintas and pale.
Other symptoms of anxiety change, iritabel, behavior, gamgguan consciousness, seizures.
Accompany by signs of Neurological tokal Aphasia Sometimes, Hemifaresis, Hemiplegia, ataxia, brain nerve paralysis.

Child Care Encephalitis

Child Care Encephalitis

Child Care Encephalitis

1. Understanding.
Encephalitis is an infection of the CNS (Central nerve system) caused by viruses or other microorganisms that non-purulent.
2. Causes of Encephalitis:
      The most common cause: a virus
      Often              : - Herpes simplex, Arbo virus
      Rare                 : - entero virus - Mumps, adeno virus
      Post Infection: - Measles, Influenza, Varisella
      Post Vaccination: - Pertussis

      Acute suppurative encephalitis:
Bacteria that cause encephalitis are: Staphylococcusaureus, Streptokok, E. coli, Mycobacterium and T. Pallidum.

Encephalitis virus:
Viruses that cause is viral RNA (Parotitis Virus) morbili virus, rabies virus, rubella virus, denque virus, polio virus, cockscakie A, B, Herpes Zoste, varicella, Herpes simplex, vario; lla.

What are the symptoms that may occur in Encephalitis:
• Heat loss increased, photo phobia, headache, vomiting, lethargy, sometimes accompanied by stiff neck when infections.
• The child was restless sometimes accompanied by behavioral changes. Can be accompanied impaired by vision, hearing, speech and seizures.

Pathophysiology Encephalitis
Viruses enter the patient's body through the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal. After enters the body, The virus will spread throughout the body in several ways:
• Local: the virus infects the mucous membranes of the flow is limited to surface or a specific organ.
• The spread of primary haematogenous: virus entry into the blood, and Then spread to organs and breed in these organs.
• The spread through the nerves: the breed virus in the surface of the mucous membranes and spreads through the nervous system.
Prodromal period lasts 1-4 days characterized by fever, headache, dizziness, vomiting, sore throat, malaise, pain ekstremintas and pale.
Other symptoms of anxiety change, iritabel, behavior, gamgguan consciousness, seizures.
Accompany by signs of Neurological tokal Aphasia Sometimes, Hemifaresis, Hemiplegia, ataxia, brain nerve paralysis.

Parenting and Children Guide

Parenting and Children Guide

Family is first and foremost institution in educating children. Education in the family environment is the first basics of child development.

Caring for children is to educate and guide children in order to develop the child's personality best, so be a responsible adult human.

Parenting and child caring involving all aspects of the personality of the child, both aspects of physical, intellectual, emotional and skills, as well as aspects of the norms and values.

The of nature and guide children include providing love and security, as well as discipline and a good example. Therefore, the necessary atmosphere of family life stable and happy.

Nurturing and guiding children in the family other than a challenge, is also a pleasant and satisfying experience.

Nurturing and guiding children requires knowledge, skill, experience and patience of parents